SOURCES BY EPISODE

The End of History Part 44: The Apparatchik

1. Yeltsin: A Life, by Timothy J. Colton.

2. Against the Grain: An Autobiography, by Boris Yeltsin.

3. Boris Yeltsin and Russia's Demmocratic Transformation, by Herbert J. Ellison.

4. Confessions on an Assigned Theme, by Boris Yeltsin.

5. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

6. Gorbachev: His Life and Times, by William Taubman.

7. Yeltsin: A Revolutionary Life, by Leon Aron.

The End of History Part 43: The Beginning of the End

1. The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence, by Anatol Lieven.

2. A History of the Baltic States, by Andres Kasekamp.

3. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

4. Collapse of an Empire: Lessons for Modern Russia, by Yegor Gaidar

5. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union, by Vladislav Zubok.

6. Report on the Supreme Soviet Elections in Lithuania, Report by the U.S. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, published on March 6, 1990. Retrieved online at: https://www.csce.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Report-on-the-Supreme-Soviet-Elections-in-Lithuania-1990.pdf. 

The End of History Part 42: The Baltics

1. The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence, by Anatol Lieven.

2. Baltic, by Oliver Moody.

3. The Russian Diaspora in the Baltic States: The Trojan Horse That Never Was, Article by Sarah Coolican, published in LSE Ideas Stategic Update, December 2021 Issue.

4. A History of the Baltic States, by Andres Kasekamp.

5. When You Cease to Exist: The State of Statelessness in the Former Soviet Union, Article by Kelly Ann Whelan, published by the U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. Retrieved online at https://refugees.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/8_3_20_Brief_StatelessSoviet-1.pdf.  

6. The Russian Civil War 1918-22, by David Bullock

The End of History Part 41: The Revolution, Televised

1. The Romanian Revolution of December 1989, by Peter Siani-Davies.

2. Kiss the Hand You Cannot Bite: The Rise and Fall of the Ceausescus, by Edward Behr.

3. Children of the Night: The Strange and Epic Story of Modern Romania, by Paul Kenyon.

4. Ceausescu, Wife Reported Executed After Trial, article by Blaine Harden, published in the Washington Post on December 26, 1989, retrieved online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/12/26/ceausescu-wife-reported-executed-after-trial/b9ae62da-bf1b-4630-ac66-a9e38fa9870f/. 

5. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

6. The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall, by Michael Meyer.

The End of History Part 40: Czechs and Balances

1. The Velvet Revolution: Czechoslovakia, 1988-1991, by Bernard Wheaton and Zdenek Kavan.

2. Velvet Revolutions: An Oral History of Czech Society, by Miroslav Vanek and Pavel Mucke.

3. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

4. Havel: A Life, by Michael Zantovsky

5. The Cold War Conversations Podcast, Episode 357: Reporting on the 1989 Revolution in Romania and the Czechoslovak Velvet Revolution, published July 19, 2024. Streamed via Spotify at https://open.spotify.com/episode/4CKQC4JctgO5kDG4UegbpC?si=8d288b2335b145b4. 

The End of History Part 39: Tear Down This Wall

1. The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte.

2. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961 to 1989, by Frederick Taylor

3. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

4. The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall, by Michael Meyer.

5. The Rise and Fall of the German Democratic Republic, by Mike Dennis.

6. Did a Prayer Meeting Really Bring Down the Berlin Wall and End the Cold War?, Article by Peter Crutchley, published by the BBC on October 9, 2015, retrieved online at https://web.archive.org/web/20190202103325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/24661333. 

7. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, by Hope M. Harrison.

8. Beyond the Wall: A History of East Germany, by Katja Hoyer.

The End of History Part 38: Refugees

1. The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte.

2. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961 to 1989, by Frederick Taylor

3. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

4. The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall, by Michael Meyer.

5. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, by Hope M. Harrison.

6. Beyond the Wall: A History of East Germany, by Katja Hoyer.

7. 'I Preferred to See it as an Acquisition', Transcript of an interview with Condoleeza Rice conducted by Mark Hujer and Gregor Peter Schmitz, published in Der Spiegel on September 29, 2010. Retrieved online at: https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/condoleezza-rice-on-german-reunification-i-preferred-to-see-it-as-an-acquisition-a-719444.html. 

8. The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin, by Stephen Lee Meyer.

The End of History Part 37: A Necessary Detour

1. The Berlin Wall: A World Divided, 1961 to 1989, by Frederick Taylor

2. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

3. The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall, by Michael Meyer.

4. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 3: Statesman, 1953-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

5. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

6. Bowie's Berlin: Up Against the Wall, article by Nick Hilden, Published in Al Jazeera on January 26, 2025.

7. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, by William Taubman.

The End of History Part 36: The Ghosts of '56

1. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

2. The Year that Changed the World: The Untold Story Behind the Fall of the Berlin Wall, by Michael Meyer.

3. The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall, by Mary Elise Sarotte.

4. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

5. The Future Belongs to Freedom, by Eduard Shevardnadze.

6. The Cold War, Episode 23 "The Wall Comes Down." Documentary television series produced by CNN (containing excerpts of interviews with Miklos Nemeth).

The End of History Part 35: Solidarity

1. Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire, by Victor Sebestyen.

2. The Polish Revolution: Solidarity, by Timothy Garton Ash.

3. Anna Walentynowicz, Polish Provocateur Who Spurred Communism's Fall, Dies at 80, article by Douglas Martin, Published in the New York Times on April 12, 2010. Retrieved online at https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/13/world/europe/13anna.html. 

4. The Rise & Fall of Communism, by Archie Brown.

5. The Struggle and the Triumph: An Autobiography, by Lech Walesa.

6. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

7. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union From Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

The End of History Part 34: Restructuring

1. The Awakening of the Soviet Union, by Geoffrey Hosking.

2. Gorbachev: His life and Times, by William Taubman.

3. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse, 1970-2000, by Stephen Kotkin.

4. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union, by Vladislav M. Zubok.

5. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

6. Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin, by Yegor Ligachev.

The End of History Part 33: Fallout

1. Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe, by Serhii Plokhy.

2. Midnight in Chernobyl: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Nuclear Disaster, by Adam Higgenbotham.

3. Voices From Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Catastrophe, by Svetlana Alexeievich.

4. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

5. The Nuclear Accident at Chernobyl, by Philip J. Hilts, Walter Pincus, and Fred Hiatt. Published in the Washington Post on April 30, 1986. Retrieved online from https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/05/01/the-nuclear-accident-at-chernobyl/23c9e19f-fbb2-463b-be5a-b4c57c26e676/. 

The End of History Part 32: Going Nuclear

1. Chernobyl: The History of a Nuclear Catastrophe, by Serhii Plokhy.

2. Midnight in Chernobyl: The Untold Story of the World's Greatest Nuclear Disaster, by Adam Higgenbotham.

3. The Chernobyl Accident, a report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group, published by the International Atomic Energy Agency. Retrieved online at https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub913e_web.pdf. 

4. What Exactly Happened  at Chernobyl?, a Youtube video written by Samantha Jones, PhD, with numerous additional scientific consultants. Retrieved online at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvpS2lUHZD8. 

5. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

6. Gorbachev: His life and Times, by William Taubman.

7. Backgrounder: The Accident at Three Mile Island, a report published by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Retrieved online at https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0402/ML040280573.pdf#:~:text=The%20Three%20Mile%20Island%20Unit%202%20reactor%2C%20near,health%20effects%20on%20plant%20workers%20or%20the%20public. 

The End of History Part 31: Meet the New Boss

1. Gorbachev: His life and Times, by William Taubman.

2. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

3. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union, by Vladislav M. Zubok.

4. Reagan: His Life and Legend, by Max Boot

5. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union From Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

6. Minutes and Joint Statements from the Geneva Summit, Retrieved online from the Archives of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.

7. The Future Belongs to Freedom, by Eduard Shevardnadze.

The End of History Part 30: The Reformer

1. Gorbachev: His life and Times, by William Taubman.

2. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

3. Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union, by Vladislav M. Zubok.

4. Conversations with Gorbachev: On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism, by Mikhail Gorbachev and Zdenek Mlynar.

5. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union From Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

6. Gorbachev Becomes Soviet Leader Hours After Chernenko Dies at 73, by Dusko Doder, published in the Washington Post on March 11, 1985. Retrieved online at https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/03/12/gorbachev-becomes-soviet-leader-hours-after-chernenko-dies-at-73/696b5b18-96ae-4428-bbff-33aa5e3e707b/. 

The End of History Part 29: Interregnum

1. Yuri Andropov: A Secret Passage Into the Kremlin, by Vladimir Solovyov and Elena Klepikova.

2. Memoirs, by Mikhail Gorbachev.

3. Gorbachev: His Life and Times, by William Taubman.

4. The Andropov File: The Life and Ideas of Yuri Andropov, General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR, by Martin Ebon.

5. Yuri's Childhood and Other Secrets From the Life of the Leader, by Leonid Mlechin. Published in the May 2008 issue of "Sovershenno Sekret." Russian language source (unavailable in English). Retrieved online at https://www.sovsekretno.ru/public/userfiles/magazines/5_228.pdf. 

6. Chernenko: The Last Bolshevik, by Ilya Zemtsov.

7. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union From Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

The End of History Part 28: Holy Warriors

1. Charlie Wilson's War, by George Crile.

2. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Gregory Feifer.

3. Caught in the Crossfire, by Jan Goodwin.

4. Afghan Napoleon: The Life of Ahmad Shah Massoud, by Sandy Gall.

5. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, by Steve Coll.

6. The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Artyom Borovik.

The End of History Part 27: The Soldiers

1. The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist's Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Artyom Borovik.

2. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Gregory Feifer.

3. Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89, by Roderic Braithwaite.

4. Autopsy of an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime, by Dmitri Volkogonov.

5. Charlie Wilson's War, by George Crile.

6. Caught in the Crossfire, by Jan Goodwin.

The End of History Part 26: Into the Abyss

1. Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89, by Roderic Braithwaite.

2. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Gregory Feifer.

3. Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, by Jonathan Lee.

4. Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001, by Steve Coll.

The End of History Part 25: The Graveyard of Empires

1. Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present, by Jonathan Lee.

2. Into the Land of Bones: Alexander the Great in Afghanistan, by Frank L. Holt.

3. The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia, by Peter Hopkirk.

4. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan, by Gregory Feifer.

The End of History Part 24: Oh My God

1. Religious Life in the Late Soviet Union, Edited by Barbara Martin and Nadezhda Beliakova.

2. Religious Policy in the Soviet Union, Edited by Sabrina Petra Ramet.

3. Islam in the Soviet Union: From World War II to Perestroika, by Yaacov Ro'i. 

4. Russian Patriarch Kirill Spied in Switzerland for KGB in 70s, Article published in the Moscow Times on February 23, 2023. Retrieved online at https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/02/06/russian-patriarch-kirill-spied-in-switzerland-for-kgb-in-70s-media-a80151. 

5. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

6. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights, by Lyudmila Alexeyeva.

7. The Russian Primary Chronicle, Edited by Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor.

The End of History Part 23: Dissent

1. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

2. Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights, by Lyudmila Alexeyeva.

3. Autopsy For an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Build the Soviet Regime, by Dmitri Volkogonov.

4. Gorbachev: His life and Times, by William Taubman.

The End of History Part 22: Holding the Line

1. The Kremlin and the Prague Spring, by Karen Dawisha.

2. Prague Spring: A Report on Czechoslovakia 1968, by Zbynek Zeman.

3. Conversations with Gorbachev: On Perestroika, the Prague Spring, and the Crossroads of Socialism, by Mikhail Gorbachev and Zdenek Mlynar.

4. Czechoslovak Communist Party Action Program, April 1968, Document published by the Czechoslovak Communist Party, translated into English and published online by the Michigan State University Library.

5. Alexander Dubcek, 70, Dies in Prague, Article by Richard Severo, published in the New York Times on November 9, 1992. Retrieved online at https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1992/11/09/837292.html?pageNumber=26. 

6. Brezhnev: The Making of a Statesman, by Susanne Schattenberg.

The End of History Part 21: Advanced Socialism

1. The First Socialist Society: A History of the Soviet Union from Within, by Geoffrey Hosking.

2. Autopsy For an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Build the Soviet Regime, by Dmitri Volkogonov.

3. The Decline and Fall of the Soviet Empire: Forty Years That Shook the World, From Stalin to Yeltsin, by Fred Coleman.

4. Brezhnev: The Making of a Statesman, by Susanne Schattenberg.

5. The Challenge: Economics of Perestroika, by Abel Aganbegyan.

The End of History Part 20: Frenemies

1. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, by William Taubman.

2. Brezhnev: The Making of a Statesman, by Susanne Schattenberg.

3. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 3: Statesman, 1953-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

4. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

The End of History Part 19: The Brink

1. The Abyss: Nuclear Crisis Cuba 1962, by Max Hastings

2. The World on the Brink: John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, Thirteen Days in October, a collection of primary sources published by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Retrieved online at https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/. 

3. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 2: Reformer, 1945-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

4. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 3: Statesman, 1953-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

5. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

6. Fidel Castro: My Life, by Fidel Castro and Ignacio Ramonet

Standalone: Bittersweet History

1. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History, by Sidney W. Mintz.

2. Surviving Slavery in the British Caribbean, by Randy M. Browne.

3. Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Children in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 1733-1833, by Daniel Livesay.

4. Emancipation of the West Indies: A Six Months' Tour in Antigua, Barbadoes, and Jamaica, In the Year 1837, by James A. Thome and J. Horace Kimball. Published in 1838 by the American Anti-Slavery Society. Retrieved online from https://www.loc.gov/item/02017739. 

The End of History Part 18: Rising Star

1. Cuban Rebel Is Visited in Hideout; Castro Is Alive and Still Fighting in Mountains, Article by Herbert Matthews, published in the New York Times on February 24, 1957. Retrieved online at https://www.nytimes.com/1957/02/24/archives/cuban-rebel-is-visited-in-hideout-castro-is-still-alive-and-still.html.

2. Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War, by Ernesto Che Guevara.

3. Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation: Volume III, Evolution of the CIA's Anti-Castro Policies, 1959-January 1961, Top Secret Internal Publication of the CIA, originally published in December 1979. Declassified and approved for release in 2005. Retrieved online at https://www.archives.gov/files/research/jfk/releases/104-10301-10004.pdf. 

4. Che Guevara and the FBI: The U.S. Political Police Dossier on the Latin American Revolutionary, Edited by Michael Ratner and Michael Steven Smith.

5. Cuba: An American History, by Ada Ferrer

6. Fidel Castro: My Life, by Fidel Castro and Ignacio Ramonet

7. Cuba Libre: Che, Fidel, and the Improbable Revolution That Changed World History, by Tony Perrottet

8. National Intelligence Estimate: The Situation in Cuba, declassified report of the CIA published June 14, 1960, declassified and released in 1997.

9. Revolutionary Struggle 1947-1958: Volume 1 of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro, Edited and with Introduction by Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdes.

The End of History Part 17: Cuba Libre

1. Cuba: An American History, by Ada Ferrer

2. Fidel Castro: My Life, by Fidel Castro and Ignacio Ramonet

3. Cuba Libre: Che, Fidel, and the Improbable Revolution That Changed World History, by Tony Perrottet

4. National Intelligence Estimate: The Situation in Cuba, declassified report of the CIA published June 14, 1960, declassified and released in 1997.

5. History Will Absolve Me, by Fidel Castro, translated and distributed by the People's Publishing House of New Delhi, October 1959.

6. Revolutionary Struggle 1947-1958: Volume 1 of the Selected Works of Fidel Castro, Edited and with Introduction by Rolando E. Bonachea and Nelson P. Valdes.

The End of History Part 16: Let's Go!

1. Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974, by Asif A. Siddiqi.

2. Space Race: The Epic Battle Between America and the Soviet Union For Dominion of Space, by Deborah Cadbury.

3. The Soviet Space Program, declassified report produced by the Central Intelligence Agency, originally published December 5, 1962. Retrieved online at https://archive.org/details/cia-readingroom-document-0000283833.

4. The Cosmonaut Who Couldn't Stop Smiling: The Life and Legend of Yuri Gagarin, by Andrew Jenks.

5. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

The End of History Part 15: Uprising

1. Twelve Days: The Story of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, by Victor Sebestyen

2. The Soviet Invasion of Hungary in 1956: The History and Legacy of the Hungarian Uprising and the Military Operations That Put It Down, by Charles River Editors

3. Report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary, retrieved from the official records of the United Nations General Assembly, published in 1957. Retrievable online here: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/712474?v=pdf.

4. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 2: Reformer, 1945-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

5. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

The End of History Part 14: The Commissar

1. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 1: Commissar, 1918-1945, by Nikita Khrushchev. 

2. Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev Volume 2: Reformer, 1945-1964, by Nikita Khrushchev.

3. Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, by William Taubman.

4. Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower, by Sergei N. Khrushchev.

5. Archival footage of the United Nations General Assembly, retrievable at https://archives.un.org/.